# Concordance

The people, companies and ideas the essays name, and where.

## AGI

- ["Intelligence" is not a technical term. Hardness is.](/blog/intelligence)
  > When we use derived abbreviations like ASI and AGI, we are still riffing on our intuitions about what “smart” means, even when Geoff Hinton does it.
- [The Internet Will Have More Agents Than Humans](/blog/operational-autonomy)
  > AGI is here / imminent / coming.
- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > I'm not saying that it won't happen, but I think it will percolate at a slower pace than AGI bulls think.

## AI Growth Zones

- [Build: Automating the Built World](/blog/build)
  > These include the UK Government on its AI Growth Zones, where they are targeting £100 billion (\~$130B) in data center development, and institutions that manage

## Alex Murrell

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)

## AMD

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > and a stack of Intel, Nvidia, and AMD 10-Ks,
- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > AMD's share has grown dramatically since 2020.

## API

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > The content pipeline had full write access to the neural modulation API because the original architecture had never considered ad-served JSON a threat vector.
- [The End of Per-seat SaaS](/blog/per-seat-saas)
  > The peak-to-trough difference in load generated by different agents could easily be many billions, or greater, such that trying to express the price of the serv

## Apple IIe

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > Ever since my dad brought home an Apple IIe in 1984, I've loved

## Arnd Bergmann

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)

## Ava Morales

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > Ava Morales was twenty-nine.

## Bay Area

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > The target: the workforce of the competing bidder, an American chipmaker with fourteen thousand employees in the Bay Area, most of them halo-enabled, most of th

## Boston Terrier

- [Ulysses: The Ocean Company](/blog/ulysses)
  > hits the floor, startling Nico, the office Boston Terrier.

## BPF

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > She holds a CVE in QEMU, has 11 patches accepted into the Linux kernel across netfilter, UBIFS, OCFS2, DLM, NFS, and BPF, and has disclosed 28 confirmed vulnera
- [Kernel bugs hide for 2 years on average. Some hide for 20.](/blog/kernel-bugs)
  > BPF and GPU bugs get caught fastest.

## ChatGPT

- ["Intelligence" is not a technical term. Hardness is.](/blog/intelligence)
  > Their core idea, once obscure but known widely since ChatGPT's entry into public awareness in 2023, is that AI poses a totally unique threat to human flourishin
- [KREA](/blog/krea)
  > "ChatGPT" is more than a month away from being A Thing.

## Chris Wilson

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > Chris Wilson is extraordinary: 1,242 fixes at 0.5 years average.

## Claude Code

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > Claude Code and Codex are their own authors, while OpenClaw bots build their own tools and update their own SOUL.mds.

## Colin Ian King

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)

## Computer History Museum

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > worldwide table, scanned into the Computer History Museum's archive.)

## COVID

- [KREA](/blog/krea)
  > The aftershocks of COVID are still damping face-to-face socialization.
- [Hello, World!](/blog/hello-world)
  > In 2022, as San Francisco emerged blinking into the post-COVID sunshine, Pam and I

## Dan Carpenter

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > A note on Dan Carpenter: Beyond his 2,707 bug fixes, Dan invented the Fixes: tag convention that makes this entire analysis possible.

## Deep Blue

- [Introducing Nous: The Chess Engine That Doesn't Search](/blog/introducing-nous)
  > For seventy years, every engine that mattered has won by search, racing through millions of positions a move: Deep Blue), Stockfish, AlphaZero, Leela, all of th

## DEF CON CTF

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > She placed 3rd at DEF CON CTF and is building ML systems that find vulnerabilities in real codebases.

## Discrete Diffusion

- [Introducing Nous: The Chess Engine That Doesn't Search](/blog/introducing-nous)

## Dominican Republic

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > the Dominican Republic should it disrupt the baseball talent supply, for instance.

## Earth

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > If Copernicus was right that the Earth orbits the Sun, then we should be able to observe stellar parallax: stars should appear to shift position as we move from
- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)

## Epoch AI

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > Epoch AI's epic chip sales dataset, WSTS's industry billings,

## Folsom Street

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > She and Kevin had met troubleshooting sensor hardware in a half-dark stairwell in a building on Folsom Street during an aftershock response.

## Gartner Dataquest

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)

## Geert Uytterhoeven

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)

## Geoffrey Hinton

- ["Intelligence" is not a technical term. Hardness is.](/blog/intelligence)

## GitHub Copilot

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > According to them, nearly 80% of new developers use GitHub Copilot within their first week.

## Golden Gate Park

- [KREA](/blog/krea)
  > So we hauled a laptop out to Golden Gate Park's panhandle, a few blocks from the first KREAhaus, and shook hands on Pebblebed's commitment to KREA over a Google

## Google

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > Asking founders "what makes this so hard to copy" or "why wouldn't Google do this" used to be scoffed at as a pedestrian low context finance bro question.
- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)

## Google Sheet

- [KREA](/blog/krea)
  > So we hauled a laptop out to Golden Gate Park's panhandle, a few blocks from the first KREAhaus, and shook hands on Pebblebed's commitment to KREA over a Google

## Google Workspace

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > Couple that with their treasure trove of private Google Workspace data (Gmail has 2.5B active users, vs 400M+ for Outlook), it actually makes them a credible th

## GPU

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > Cedana, which allows GPU jobs to be migrated,
- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > Intel's journey is interesting. They peaked at 11% market share around 2016, driven by i915 GPU driver development.
- [Kernel bugs hide for 2 years on average. Some hide for 20.](/blog/kernel-bugs)
  > BPF and GPU bugs get caught fastest.
- [KREA](/blog/krea)
  > But their talents extend beyond bending GPUs to their will: the team includes musicians, photographers, writers, graffiti artists.

## Henry Ford

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > Henry Ford famously (and apocryphally) said that if he had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses.

## Industrial Revolution

- [The Internet Will Have More Agents Than Humans](/blog/operational-autonomy)
  > Even the Industrial Revolution expanded the productivity of workers, but the workers themselves were still human.

## Inner Richmond

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > It is a woman breathing in her sleep in an apartment in the Inner Richmond.

## Intel

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > and a stack of Intel, Nvidia, and AMD 10-Ks,
- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > Intel contributes the most bugs because they contribute the most code.
- [Kernel bugs hide for 2 years on average. Some hide for 20.](/blog/kernel-bugs)
  > GPU (especially Intel i915) and BPF bugs get caught fastest, probably thanks to dedicated fuzzing infrastructure.

## Jakub Kicinski

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)

## James Joyce

- [Ulysses: The Ocean Company](/blog/ulysses)
  > The company is named after James Joyce's magnum opus, Ulysses.

## Java Virtual Machine

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > analog to the Java Virtual Machine, bringing write-once/run-anywhere to

## Jenny Qu

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > Jenny Qu is an AI security researcher at Pebblebed Ventures.

## Johannes Berg

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)

## Jon Peddie

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)

## Kameron Bettridge

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > The prompt injection mechanics in this story owe a debt to my CTF teammate Kameron Bettridge (@clovismint), whose work on LLM input boundaries shaped how I thin

## Kevin Chen

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > Kevin Chen was thirty-one.

## Lattice AI

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > Founding engineer at Lattice AI.

## Lemurian Labs

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > And Lemurian Labs are building the modern

## Linux

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > She holds a CVE in QEMU, has 11 patches accepted into the Linux kernel across netfilter, UBIFS, OCFS2, DLM, NFS, and BPF, and has disclosed 28 confirmed vulnera
- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > The Linux kernel's corporate ecosystem.
- [Kernel bugs hide for 2 years on average. Some hide for 20.](/blog/kernel-bugs)
  > I know because I analyzed 125,183 of them, every bug with a traceable Fixes: tag in the Linux kernel's 20-year git history.

## Linux Foundation

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)

## Linux Kernel Mailing List

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > The Linux Kernel Mailing List (LKML) receives roughly 1,400 messages per day, patches, reviews, debates, and flame wars.

## Liquid Death

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > Take for example the sparkling water factions of Le Croix versus Spindrift versus Liquid Death that suggest you are {x} kind of person according to your choice 

## LLM Attacks Research

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > Further reading: OWASP LLM Top 10, 0din Prompt Injection Taxonomy, LLM Attacks Research.

## Major League Baseball

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > about the size of Major League Baseball.

## Market Street

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > Twenty minutes at a clinic on Market Street.

## Max Planck

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)

## Nathan Chancellor

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)

## Nikolai Kondrashov

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > Thanks to Nikolai Kondrashov (Red Hat CKI) for helpful discussions on the mailing list workflow.

## NVIDIA

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > Mellanox → NVIDIA makes sense.
- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)

## Ocean Company

- [Ulysses: The Ocean Company](/blog/ulysses)
  > That is how we met the team that we believe will become the Ocean Company.

## Overton Window

- ["Intelligence" is not a technical term. Hardness is.](/blog/intelligence)
  > We would do well to close that part of the Overton Window that looks out on it.

## OWASP LLM01

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > The core exploit is indirect prompt injection (OWASP LLM01): adversarial instructions hiding behind valid JSON escape sequences that a deterministic parser reso

## Pablo Neira

- [Kernel bugs hide for 2 years on average. Some hide for 20.](/blog/kernel-bugs)

## Packy McCormick

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > Packy McCormick wrote a great piece on Power in the Age of Intelligence.

## Pamela Vagata

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > Pamela Vagata once earned a coveted piece of corporate swag with
- [Build: Automating the Built World](/blog/build)
  > Pam asked if their vision included "robots and everything," and the duo responded "yes" without skipping a beat.
- [Hello, World!](/blog/hello-world)
  > In 2022, as San Francisco emerged blinking into the post-COVID sunshine, Pam and I
- [KREA](/blog/krea)

## Patrick McHardy

- [Kernel bugs hide for 2 years on average. Some hide for 20.](/blog/kernel-bugs)
  > Patrick McHardy was fixing a deadlock by removing a put() call.

## Pebblebed

- [Build: Automating the Built World](/blog/build)
  > That was the cornerstone of the seed conversation the Build co-founders, James and Ben, had with the Pebblebed team.
- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > As technologists, we at Pebblebed find these machines fascinating.
- [Ulysses: The Ocean Company](/blog/ulysses)
  > At Pebblebed, we're not only a venture capital firm.
- [Agentist Manifesto](/blog/agentist-manifesto)
  > Here at Pebblebed, we have a unique conjunction of opportunities:
- [KREA](/blog/krea)
  > We at Pebblebed are a few months into deploying our maiden fund, amidst investor sentiment on AI ranging from apathy to eye-rolls.
- [Hello, World!](/blog/hello-world)
  > At the risk of overexplaining: the name "Pebblebed" is a nuclear engineering joke.
- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > Jenny Qu is an AI security researcher at Pebblebed Ventures.

## Prompt Injection Taxonomy

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > Further reading: OWASP LLM Top 10, 0din Prompt Injection Taxonomy, LLM Attacks Research.

## Red Hat

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > The Intel ↔ Red Hat relationship reflects their collaboration on shared infrastructure (virtualization, networking).

## Red Hat CKI

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > Thanks to Nikolai Kondrashov (Red Hat CKI) for helpful discussions on the mailing list workflow.

## Reno Hilton

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > She hung up and sat in the rental car in the parking lot of the Reno Hilton and felt uneasy in a way she couldn't name.

## Reward Model Overoptimization

- [Introducing Nous: The Chess Engine That Doesn't Search](/blog/introducing-nous)

## SaaS

- [The End of Per-seat SaaS](/blog/per-seat-saas)
  > In the previous iteration of SaaS, organizations built workflows and processes around their software.
- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > Public market valuations of IGV (mostly SaaS) versus S&P 500.

## Salesforce

- [The End of Per-seat SaaS](/blog/per-seat-saas)
  > This model for delivering software has come to dominate since Salesforce pioneered it a quarter century ago, because it's simple, and it works.
- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > The public markets seem to have caught up to that, with selloffs on the likes of Salesforce, Asana, DocuSign.

## Samuel Butler

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > In response to steam engines, Samuel Butler) wrote (under the pseudonym Cellarius) in a 1863 letter to The Press, a daily newspaper:

## San Francisco

- [On Computers](/blog/computing-is-bigger)
  > But I am in AI-besotted San Francisco near the
- [Ulysses: The Ocean Company](/blog/ulysses)
  > Summer 2023: Pebblebed HQ is gently baking in the heat of San Francisco's
- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > He lived in San Francisco.
- [The Internet Will Have More Agents Than Humans](/blog/operational-autonomy)
  > Let's start with some consensus statements at the average cocktail party in San Francisco.
- [Hello, World!](/blog/hello-world)
  > In 2022, as San Francisco emerged blinking into the post-COVID sunshine, Pam and I
- [KREA](/blog/krea)

## Scaling Laws

- [Introducing Nous: The Chess Engine That Doesn't Search](/blog/introducing-nous)

## SCTP

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > SCTP is a niche networking protocol with similar dynamics.
- [Kernel bugs hide for 2 years on average. Some hide for 20.](/blog/kernel-bugs)
  > But some subsystems are far worse: CAN bus drivers average 4.2 years, SCTP networking 4.0 years.

## Sequoia Southeast Asia

- [Hello, World!](/blog/hello-world)
  > and as an investor at Sequoia Southeast Asia, uniquely informs everything we

## Singapore

- [Build: Automating the Built World](/blog/build)
  > He worked on Singapore's \~$10 billion national airport expansion¹, and so has seen firsthand the process of developing critical infrastructure for sovereign-le
- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > Three contractors in Singapore.

## Stefano Brivio

- [Kernel bugs hide for 2 years on average. Some hide for 20.](/blog/kernel-bugs)

## Steve Jobs

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > Less apocryphally, Steve Jobs stated in a 1998 BusinessWeek interview:

## Stripe

- [Escape Sequence](/blog/escape-sequence)
  > During those eleven days, Kevin had quit his job at Stripe and joined Lattice AI as the third employee at a fraction of his market salary, convinced it was the 
- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > You'll see far fewer copies of Chase, Gusto, Stripe, Turbo Tax.

## Takashi Iwai

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)

## Tammie Siew

- [Hello, World!](/blog/hello-world)
  > One of the very first Pebbles was [Tammie
- [Build: Automating the Built World](/blog/build)
  > ¹ Which Singapore-born GPs Pam and Tammie are grateful for.

## Thomas Kuhn

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)

## Turbo Tax

- [Software is dead. Long live software](/blog/software-is-dead)
  > You'll see far fewer copies of Chase, Gusto, Stripe, Turbo Tax.

## Ville Syrjälä

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > Ville Syrjälä is similar at 0.8 years.

## VulnBERT

- [Who Writes the Bugs? A Deeper Look at 125,000 Kernel Vulnerabilities](/blog/kernel-bugs-part2)
  > Part 1 covered bug lifetimes and VulnBERT.
- [Kernel bugs hide for 2 years on average. Some hide for 20.](/blog/kernel-bugs)
  > I built VulnBERT, a model that predicts whether a commit introduces a vulnerability.

## World Models

- [Introducing Nous: The Chess Engine That Doesn't Search](/blog/introducing-nous)